Stereoscopic image reception by millimetric radiation



R. H. RINES 2,571,612

ION BY MILLIMETRIC RADIATION Oct. 16, 1951 STEREOSCOPIC IMAGE RECEPT Filed Feb. 24, 1948 6 Sheets-Sheet l QDNQQWEMQ .R. H. RINES 1 STEREOSCOPIC IMAGE RECEPTION BY MILLIMETRIC RADIATION Oct. 16, 1951 6 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Feb. 24, 1948 Inventor Afforney Robert H. Rfnes 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 R. H. RINES Robert H. Rifles y Wh Attorney STEREOSCOPIC IMAGE RECEPTION BY MILLIMETRIC RADIATION Oct. 16, 1951 7 Filed Feb. 24, 1948 R. H. RINES Oct. 16, 1951 STEREOSCOPIC IMAGE RECEPTION BY MILLIMETRIC RADIATI 6 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed Feb. 24, 1948 Attorney R. H. RINES 2,571,612

STEREOSCOPIC IMAGE RECEPTION BY MILLIMETRIC RADIATION Oct. 16, 1951 6 SheetsSheet 5 Filed Feb. 24, 1948 new? MQMK F- l ll- Inventor Robert H. R/nes y M Attorney s r n @2155 Mmdbl R. H. RINES Oct. 16, 1951 STEREOSCOPIC IMAGE RECEPTION BY MILLIMETRIC RADIATION I 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 Filed Feb. 24, 1948 l atented Get. 16, 195i STEREOSCOPIC IMAGE RECEPTION BY MILLIMETRIC RADIATION Robert H. Rines, Cambridge, Mass.

Application February 24, 1948, Serial No. 10,867

52 Claims.

The present invention relates to electric systems, and more particularly to radio-wave receiving systems that, while having more general fields of usefulness, are especially adapted for use in television. This application is a continuation-in-part of application Serial No. 527,374, filed March 18, 1944, now abandoned.

An object of thepresent invention is to provide a new and improved radio-locator system for both detecting the presence of a body and rendering it stereoscopically visible.

Other and. further objects will be explained hereinafter and will be more particularly pointed out in the appended claims.

The invention will now be more fully explained in connection with the accompanyin drawings, in which Fig. 1 is a diagram showing an airplane object from which radio waves are reflected and scattered to a receiving system; Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic view of circuits and apparatus of a stationary radio wave receiving and cathode ray-display system arranged and constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 3 is a similar view of a modified movable receiving-and-display system; Fig. 4 is a similar view of a further stationary modification of the receiving-and-display system embodying a single cathode-ray-like member with two mosaics; Fig. 5 is a similar view of a circuit showing in greater detail the scanning and synchronizing elements of Fig. 4; Figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, l and 11 are diagrammatic views illustrating voltage wave forms obtainable with the circuits of Fig. and Fig. 12 is a diagrammatic view similar to Figs. 2, 3 and 4 of still another modified receiving-and-display system, comprising two separate cathode-ray-like members, each with its own mosaic.

An electromagnetic-wave generator 4, Fig. 1, is

shown exciting a dipole 2 to produce ultra-highfrequency pulsed' radio-wave or Hertzian-wave energy. A continuous-wave or any other type of modulated-wave generator may be employed, but pulsed energy, at present, has the advantages of economy and easy high-power ultrahigh-frequency generation.

The waves emitted from the dipole 2 may be reflected by a reflector 3 upon a parabolic reflector 6. Theparabolic reflector 6 is shown directing the waves toward an object, say, an airplane 8, from which they are reflected and scattered toward a receiving station.

The wavelength of the radio-wave or Hertzianwave energy employed may be, say, of 30 or 15 millimeters. It should be greater than the wavelength of any type of light waves. radio or Hertzian waves permits the detection of both near and distant objects 8 that may be cloaked in darkness or fog, or that are invisible with light waves for other reasons.

At the receiving station, the radio waves reflected and scattered from the object 8 may be focused by an electromagnetic dielectric lens 5,

such as of pitch or polystyrene, upon a receiving mosaic, bank or array 1 comprising a plurality of normally inefiective insulated radio-wave absorbing-and-rectifying pick-up unit antenna elements.

or other similar crystal pick-up-unit detecting elements. Small crystal beads or globules of uranium-oxide or other such pick-up-unit elements may, for example, be set into an insulating supporting disc in the face at the screen end; of an oscilloscope-like or cathode-ray-like mem-' her It). Any other similar mosaic of radio-wave absorbing-and-rectifying crystals may be employed, such as mosaics of silicon and metal, sili'-' The dielectric con and dielectric, and so on. lens 5 is shown in Figs. 1 to 3 and 12 supported upon the member I2 by struts I09. replaced by any other type of well known radio lens or mirror, wave-guide lens or mirror, or

other directive system for focusing an image of the electromagnetic energy scattered and re-,

flected from the object 8 upon the bank or array 1 of the pick-up antenna elements.

The pick-up elements of the bank or array 1 top'is shown comprising the unit elements 20, 22, 24, etc. The third or next lower row is shown comprising the unit elements 26, 28, etc.; and so on for the remaining rows of pick-up elements. Though only a small number of pick-up.

antenna units is shown in each row, this is merely for illustrative purposes, and in order not to confuse the disclosure.

ployed in each row.

The pick-up antenna units [8, 24, 28, etc., are arranged in the first or right-hand column. The

units I6, 22, 26, etc., are disposed in the second column from the right. The elements I4, 20, etc., are disposed in the third column from'the right; and so on for the remaining columns of The use of These may be constituted of small beads I or globules of silicon, uranium oxide, germanium It may be" It will be understood that. in practice, a large number of units will be emelements. There may be as many columns as there are pick-up units in each row. Though each column is shown as comprising only a few units, this is again in order not to complicate the drawings.

The pick-up units will, of course, all receive the reflected or scattered radio Waves through the lens simultaneously. There will be focused on each pick-up unit a radio-frequency field strength corresponding to the scattering from a corresponding area or portion of the object 8.

The bank of silicon, uranium-oxide, germanium or other similar detecting crystals will act to absorb and rectify the energy incident on the array 1 of antenna units. Silicon and uraniumoxide detectors and similar crystals are known to absorb radio-frequency energy, and to exhibit high negative-temperature coefficients of resistance. Because of this high negative-temperature coeflicient of resistance, the resistance of the uranium-oxide or other crystal beads will change with the intensity of the impinging radiofrequency energy. The pick-up elements will thus absorb different field strengths of radio energy, corresponding to the amount of energy reflected or scattered from the various parts or portions of the object 8 and converged as a radiowave image upon the array 1 of pick-up elements by the lens 5. The resulting radio-wave-energy distribution focused on the array I will yield a radio-energy image or picture of the object 8, specific elemental areas or portions of which will correspond to specific elemental areas or portions of the object 8. One such radio-energy image of the object 8 will become focused on the array 1 of the oscilloscope-like member ID when the aircraft 8 occupies the full-line position shown in Fig. 1, and another when it occupies the dottedline position.

According to the'preferred embodiment of the invention, these adjacently disposed radio-waveenergy images or pictures of the object 8 thus received by the pick-up antenna units may be converted into a pair of visible stereoscopically displaced images, pictures or likenesses 30 and 60 of the object 8 upon the fluorescent viewing screen or face 32 of a display electrostatic cathode-ray receiving or presentation oscilloscopetube-like member 34. The images, pictures or likenesses 30 and 60 are shown by full lines and dotted lines, respectively, displaced with respect to each other, one above the other.

The invention provides means for'first' rendering the normal inefiective pick-up units I8, f6, I4, I2, etc., of the first row successively effective momentarily in the display circuits; for then'rendering the pick-up units 24, 22, 20, etc., of the second row successively efiective momentarily; for then rendering the units 28, 26, etc., of the third row successively effective momentarily; and so 0n,'in two-dimensional order. This result may be attained'by scanning the pick-up elements with an electron stream, as will hereinafter be more fully explained.

A pulse generator I may be supplied to trigger a horizontal-sweep generator 9 to produce a horizontal sweep voltage once corresponding'to every triggering pulse from'the pulse generator I. The pulse generator I and the sweep generator 9 maybe of the types described, for example, in Radio Engineering, by F. E. Terman, 1937 edition, pages 372 to 3'74.

The same pulse generator I may trigger also a count-down or division circuit I l for producing a pulse output once corresponding 'to every so many pulse inputs from the pulse generator I. Such a count-down or division circuit may, for example, be of the type disclosed on page 3'74 of the said Terman text.

The count-down circuit II, in turn, triggers a vertical sweep generator I3 to produce a vertical sweep voltage once corresponding to every output of the count-down circuit II, andrtherefore once corresponding to every so many hori-, zontal sweep voltages produced by the horizontal sweep generator 9. A vertical sweep voltage therefore occurs once corresponding to a large number of horizontal sweeps. The process becomes repeated upon the fly-back, or the restoration of the vertical sweep voltage to its zero or initial condition.

The pulse generator I, the horizontal sweep generator 9, the count-down circuit II, and the vertical sweep generator .i3 may also take the form of the circuits shown in Fig. 5, hereinafter described. They may also be of any other well known type.

The crystal elements I2, I4, I6, various pick-up units are respectively provided with top and'bottom electrodes. The crystal I8, for'example, is provided with atop antenna electrode 43 and a bottom electrode 38. antenna electrodes of the various crystal pickup units may be of length resonant to the frequency of the radio waves; say, a half-wavelength.

The bottom electrodes of the crystal pick-up units are all connected to a common conducting strip 38. Similar common conducting strips are illustrated in Fig. 12 at I48 and I553. The common conducting strip "36, in turn, is connected,

through a grounded load-circuit impedance 40, to a preferably linear amplifier 42. The output of the amplifier 42 is connected, by way of conductors Q4 and '46, to the cathode 48*and the control-grid electrode 59, respectively, of the display or presentation cathode-ray tube 34.

The cathode-ray-oscilloscope-like member H] is shown-provided with a grounded cathode 52,

a controlegrid electrode 54, an anode'fil and an,

aquadag or other'anode'co'ating 200 on the neck of the tube 19', as is customary in present-day cathode-ray-tdbe construction. Electrons emitted from the cathode "52 will become enabled, in response to proper stimulation of thepgrid 54, to travel past -'the grid54 to the anode 5?. The electrons will continue to travel in a stream past the anode 5T, between a pair of vertically disposed horizontal-deflector plates 23 and 25, of whichthe'plate '23 is "shown grounded, and between 21; pair of horizontally disposed vertical deflector plates It and "2|, of which the plate 2'! is showngrounded, to impinge finally on the inthus produced between the plates '23 and 25 to. cause the electron stream from the cathode 52' to become deflected horizontally for each horizontal-sweep' voltage.

The vertical-sweep output voltage is fed from the vertical-sweep generator I3, by way of a I8, etc., of the p The top Focusinganodes or coils grounded output load conductor 33, to the;

grounded horizontally disposed vertical-deflector plate 2|, and, by way of output lead conductors l and 3!, to the horizontall disposed vertical deflector plate IS. The vertical-sweep voltage is thus applied between the horizontally disposed deflector-plates l9 and 2| to cause the electrons to become deflected vertically.

The rows of pick-up units may be positioned along the successive paths of the electron stream in order to enable the electron stream to impinge on them as the electron stream sweeps over the successive rows of crystal beads of the array 1. Horizontally disposed lines of crystal elements will thus be scanned by the electron stream.

One of the surfaces of each crystal pick-up element is thus exposed to the incoming radio waves, and the other surface is exposed, within the cathode-ray member ID, to the electron stream.

Since the vertical-sweep voltage occurs once corresponding to a large number of horizontalsweep voltages, as previously explained, it will cause the successively produced horizontal sweeps of the electron stream to appear successively at successivel lower levels along the face of the member l0. After each horizontal sweep has been completed, therefore, a successively larger voltage will be applied by the vertical-sweep generator I3 to the vertically spaced deflector plates I9 and 2|, thereby causing the next horizontal sweep to occur at the next lower row of crystal beads. After the last such horizontal sweep, the voltage between the vertically spaced plates l9 and 2| will become restored to zero upon the fly-back. With the next horizontal sweep, therefore, the process of scanning will recommence at the first or top row.

The bank 1 of crystal globules may be scanned according to either of two principles or according to a combination of the same.

One principle involves measuring the variation in the resistance of each crystal pick-up unit of the bank 1 at the moment that the electron stream impinges upon it, producing an electrical response at the pick-up unit. This provides a measure of the resistance across each crystal, indicative of the intensity of the radio-frequency energy impinged upon that particular crystal and absorbed thereby directly from the radio field. Because of the high negative-temperature coefficients of resistance of the crystals, their resistance will change with the intensity of the impinging radio-frequency energy. The radio-frequency energy will also become rectifled to produce direct-current potential differences across the resistance of the crystals. This results from the rectifying or detecting properties of the crystals in the above-described radioreceiving circuits traceable from the crystal antenna electrodes through the crystals to the grounded conducting strip 36. These variations of resistance and potential are representative of the radio-frequency energy impinged ion the crystals by the lens and impressed on these circuits. The resulting resistance and potential variations of the crystals will become manifest in corresponding circuits, as the crystals are traversed successively, during the scanning process, by the electron stream from the cathode 52. The circuits may be traced from the grounded cathode 52, through the electron stream, and through the corresponding crystal, its bottom back to ground.

The changes occurring in this circuit, as the.

result of the changes in the values of the crystal resistance produced by the radio-frequency energy changes in the electron-stream current, will cause corresponding changes in the input voltage to the amplifier 42. This change in input voltage is therefore indicative of the radio-frequency energy impinged on the particular crystal bead that happens to be traversed by the electron stream.

According to the second principle, advantage is taken of the direct-current voltage impressed across each crystal. This voltage is proportional to the intensity of the radio-frequency energy received by the corresponding crystal, as communicated to the said receiving circuits traceable from the corresponding top crystal electrodes, through the conductor 36, to ground. With the: aid of this principle, it becomes possible to measure the change of current along the electron stream as the electron stream traverses areas of different direct-current potential. As the electron stream, during the scanning, travels across;

and impinges upon the successively disposed crystals, the resulting electrical responses or change in electron-stream current resulting from the different potentials across the variably resistive crystals upon which the electron stream impinges manifests itself first in the above-described crystal circuits to ground and, through these circuits, in the input circuit of the grounded preferably linear load-circuit amplifier 42.

From another point of View, as the electron stream impinges on the crystal units, secondary electrons may be emitted therefrom and collected by the anode coating 20B. Owing to the directcurrent charge established across the top and bottom electrodes of the respective crystals, resulting from the rectification by the corresponding crystals of the radio-frequency energy received by these respective receiving circuits, the number of secondary electrons released will be a measure of the radio-frequency voltage impinged on the respective crystals.

During the scanning of the successive rows of crystal elements of the bank I by the electron stream of the member 10, resulting from the operation of the horizontal and vertical-sweep generators 9 and 13, therefore, successive indications may be obtained in the amplifier 42, according to one or the other of the above-described principles, of the radio-frequency energy impinged on the respective antenna units of the array or mosaic 1. Since the magnitude of the voltage fed into the amplifier 42 from the elements l2, l4, etc-., will therefore depend upon the intensity of the radio-frequency voltage received from the object 8 through the lens 5 by the respective mosaic elements, the output of the amplifier 42 will vary at successive instants in accordance with the radio-frequency energy impinged upon the successive receiving elements.

The successive energizing positive voltages thus produced in the amplifier 42 are fed by its beforementioned conductors 44 and 46 to between the cathode 48 and the control grid 50 of the display cathode-ray tube 34. As these voltages are dependent on the magnitude of the radio-frequency energy received by the respective crystal elements, the electrons of the electron stream in the oathode-ray tube 34 will become accelerated toward the control grid 50 in quantities dependent upon impinged thereon and the consequent.

st-15ers the inter-isity of the radio-freqiiehpyehergy pinged on the respective crystal elements. The electron stream becomes thus modulated 'inintensity in response to the successive voltages from the amplifier 42. The electrons will thereafter travel past the anode '95 'o'fthe said tube 34, be-' tween a pair of ho'rizontally disposed, vertioal deflector plates 35 and 3?, of which the plate 31 is "shown grounded, and between a pair of vertivertically disposed horizontal-deflector plate 39' of the display tube 34; and, by way of the output lead conductors 85 and I4!l, to the vertically disposed horizontal-deflector plate M of the tube 34; The same horizontal-sweep voltage that-is applied to the member Ill, therefore, is applied synehrm nously to the member 34. The electron stream from the cathode 48, during its scanning, will therefore trace a horizontal line on the fluorescent screen 32 in synchronism with the scanning of a corresponding horizontally disposed line of crystal elements by the electron stream from the cathode 52 of the member IIJ.

The Vertical-sweep generator I3, like the horizontal-sweep generator 9, is connected, not only to the tube I'll, but also to the tube 34, so as synchronously to control both electron streams.

The output of the vertical-sweep generator I3 which, as previously explained, is fed by way of the conductors 3| and 33 between the vertical deflector plates 29 and 2| of the member It, is fed also, by way of the grounded output'le'ad conductor 33, to the horizontally disposed grounded vertical-deflector plate 37 of the tube 34; and,

by way of the output lead conductors TI) and 243, a gravity-biased contactor 45, and a conductor 9|, to the horizontally disposed vertical-deflector plate 35 of the tube 34. The electron stream in the member 34 is therefore controlled by the vertical-sweep generator I3 in synchronism with the corresponding vertical scanning of the crystal elements by the electron stream from the cathode 52 of the member I0.

Since successive energizing positive voltages are'produced in the output of the amplifier 42, corresponding'to the magnitude of the radio-frequency energy received by the successively scanned crystal elements of the array I of the member H1, and since these voltages are fed be tween the cathode 48 and the grid 50 to control the intensity of the electron stream in the tulo 34, there will be produced, along a particular horizontal sweep of the electron stream in the tube 34, spots of brightness the intensity of which will depend upon "the intensity of the radio-wave energy received by the corresponding crystals of the bank I of the member It.

The successive portions of the radio-frequency image of the aircraft object 8 received by the successive crystal antenna'units on the array fl along the rows and columns, will thus become convert= ed, on the oscilloscope screen 32 of the display tube 34, into successive portions of the visual likeness 30. Successive portions of this visual picture 30 will accordingly correspond to 's'u'cce's sive portions of the actual object 8. I

Though the tubes l and 34 have beendes'dlibefl as operating upon the electrostatic principle, it.

will b understood that inagr'itic-defieotioii means "er a'eomb'i'n'atioh of magnetic and electro' static I rreains 'i'na'y equally well be employed. a

The contactor 45 is "provided with a switch member for-bridging the one or the other pair'of two pairs "of contact terminals 41, '49 and 5|, 53.

The' lo'w'er eontact terminals 5| and 53 are illustrated as bridged under the influence of gravity,

and the upper contact terminals 41 and.49 as bridged under theinfiuence of a relay coil I! or I4'8-, Fig. 12. Electrical contact is made periodically with the one or the other pair of contact terminals in response to periodic voltages in the relay coil ll of I46 as will be hereinafter ex'- plained, V a

-It remains now to explain how to modify the electron stream impinging'on the screen 32 in or der to produce on this screen 32, not merely a simple visual image of the object 8, but rather the stereoscopic pair'of likenesses 3D and 60 of the 7 original object 8,

According to the embodiment of the invention illustrated in Fig. 2,as the moving obj ect8 passes into the region of radio-location detection of the receiving system, the receiving array 1 of the member I!) is scanned at two successive intervals of time, thereby to present two different radiofrequency images of the object upon the array I;

These two successive time intervals may correspond to the times at which the airplane 8 occupies the full-line and'the dotted-line positions-of Fig. 1.

Since the airplane 8 may move at a high rate of speed, the time between these two different scannings of the array 7 should usually be very.

short, particularly for many ranges of the aircraft 8. The rate of repetition of the vertical sweeps may, of course, be so adjusted, for a particular. type of moving object, that the array I shall be scanne'd'once during approximately the time interval when the object 8 occupies the full-line position of the object 8 in Fig. 1, producing there by, as before described, the image 30 on the oscil loscope'screen 32; and so that the array 1 shall be scannedonce again at a later instant, during ap'-.

proximately the time interval when the object '8 occupies the dotted-line position of Fig. 1, there'- by to produce the other image 50 on the screen 32, displaced with respect to the image 30.

To the attainment of this end, a count-down. circuit -2 I I, identical and operating synchronous ly with the count-down circuit II for triggering the vertical sweep generator I3, may, by way of conductors 55, trigger an unbalanced multivi-1 brator or other circuit 1 50f the type illustrated in Fig. 5, hereinafter described, or of any other well 7 known type- 1 The time constants of the multivibrator I5 should be so adjusted as to correspond, atthe successive vertical sweeps. multivibrator I5 will then have alternately positive and negative voltage pulses during succes sive complete vertical scans. I

The connections are such that the relay coil or I46 is caused to actuate the switch member of the contactor 45 into engagement with the con-- tact terminals 41 and 49 when the output-voltage pulse of the multivibrator I5 is positive. The out put of the vertical-sweep generator I 3 becomes thereupon connected, byway of the lead conducter'm, and through seems-connected biasing battery I55. to th'e've'rtical'deflector plate "35 0f reached the dotted-line position of Fig. 1.

-the display tube 34. A biasing battery I55 is so adjustably connected between the contact members 49 and 53 that the first horizontal sweep of the tube 30 shall occur at a, particular level on the screen 32, shown at I51. Under the influence of the vertical sweep, horizontal sweeps will then occur at successively lower levels during the scanning of the array .1, as previously described. The image or likeness 30, as already stated, will therefore correspond to the object 8 when occupying the full-line position of Fig. 1.

During the next vertical-sweep scanning operation of the array "I, however, the object 8 will have The output-voltage pulse of the multivibrator I being now negative, the switch member of the relay contactor 45 will drop, under the action of gravity, to engage the contact terminals 5| and 53, thus by-passing the biasing battery I55. The first horizontal sweep of this next scan will therefore occur on the screen 32 at a, much higher level, shown at 59. The image corresponding to the dotted-line position of the object 8 in Fig. 1 will thus be reproduced as the dotted-line image 60 on the screen 32, stereoscopically displaced above the image 30.

The vertical-sweep generator I3, through the contactor 45, thus alternately connects, first, with the contact members 4'! and 49, and then, with the contact members 5| and 53, in response to the alternating positive and negative output voltages of the unbalanced multivibrator or other circuit I5. The biasing battery becomes thus connected to and disconnected from the vertical deflection plates 35, 3! of the display cathode-ray tube 34, thereby causing the vertical scan of the electron stream to cover adjacently disposed separated areas below the levels I51 and 59, respectively, on

: the fluorescent screen 32.

A color filter or a polarizing member 56 may be positioned in front of the image 60, and a differently colored filter or a complementarily polarized member 58 in front of the image 30. A camera having two lenses BI and 63, respectively provided with filters or polarizing members correspending to the respective filters or polarizing members 56 and 58, may be employed to photograph upon adjacently disposed separated portions of a film 65 the stereoscopic pair of images 60 and produced upon the screen 32. Successive photographic exposures will obviously provide recordings of successive pairs of slightly displaced stereoscopic views.

- front of the members 56 and 53 in Figs. 4 and 12. If, for example, the filters 58 and 53 are respectively colored red and blue, the lenses may be correspondingly colored.

The operation of the apparatus illustrated in connection with Fig. 2 is operable to display a three-dimensional image of an object 8 that is moving at a suitable speed. According to the modified receiving-and-display circuit illustrated in Fig. 3, however, the object 8 to be detected and viewed stereoscopically may be either stationary or moving. The pictures for use as a stereoscopic pair may be reproduced by receiving radio waves from the object 8, for example, from two slightly displaced positions of the radio-receiver 5'I. The lens 5 should, of course, subtend cones of radio rays corresponding to the cones of light rays that would be received by the two human eyes if the object were visible.

The member I0, with the lens 5 and the struts I09 supported thereby, is shown in Fig. 3 vibratory or oscillatable about a pivot I03 between full-line and the dotted-line positions. The array I is caused to be scanned when the member I0 occupies each of the extreme positions of its vibrating, oscillatory or shunting movement. A pair of radio-wave images of -a stationary object is thus produced at the adjacently disposed regions occupied by the device I0'I at the extreme positions of vibration. If the rate of oscillation is high enough, two adjacently disposed views of a moving object may also be obtained.

The oscillatory movement of the member I0 is shown diagrammatically as effected by reciprocating a slide I04 in a vertically disposed guide |0I through the medium of a link I02 connected to a crank I00 driven by a motor 91. A pin I00 integral with the slide I00 engages in a longitudinally disposed slot I08 provided in an extension cap I I0 of the member I0.

When the member I0 occupies the full-line position of Fig. 3, two insulated contact members 66 and 68 respectively short-circuit connectors 61 and 69 that are respectively connected by conductors I44 and I54 to the horizontal sweep generator 9 and the vertical sweep generator I3. When it occupies the dotted-line position, two insulated contact members I6 and I8 similarly short-circuit connectors I9 and I! that are respectively connected by conductors I48 and I52, in parallel with the connectors 69 and 61, to the vertical sweep generator I3 and the horizontal sweep generator 9.

The short-circuiting of the connector 69 establishes a circuit for charging a grounded charging condenser 82 through a resistor 12 and a battery II2 of the vertical sweep generator I3; and also to discharge the condenser 82 through a gas-discharge tube 52 connected in parallel thereto when the charging voltage exceeds the breakdown voltage of the tube 62. The connections may be traced from one side of a battery II2, through the connection 69, short-circuited by the contact member 68 or I6, to one of the common terminals or junctions of the condenser 82 and the gas tube 62, shown at I I5; then through the condenser 82 and the gas tube 62, in parallel, to the other common terminal or junction II; and through the resistor I2, to the other side of the battery 2.

The charge and discharge of the condenser 82 through the gas tube 62, at a time when the member I0 occupies either its extreme full-line or dotted-line position, provides a vertical-sweep voltage that is supplied simultaneously to both the vertical deflector plates I9 and 2| of the member I0 and the vertical deflector plates 35 and 31 of the oscilloscope 34.

The connections to the vertical deflector plates I9 and 2| may be traced from the common terminal or junction 'II of the parallel-connected condenser 82 and gas tube 62, by way of conductors I0 and 3|, to the vertical deflector plate I9; and from the vertical deflector plate 2|, by way of the illustrated grounds and the conductor 33 to the common terminal 5 of the parallel-connected condenser92 and gas tube 02. The connections to the vertical deflector plates 35 and 31 may similarly be traced from the common terminal or junction I I, by way of conductors I0 and 243, to contact members 8| or 86 of a relay I32 gamers provided with abridging switch contact :member 83. When the contact member 83"bridges the terminal members 86, as'illustrated; the circuit continues through a biasing battery 3E1, 'corresponding to the biasing battery. I55, and, by way'of'the conductor 91, to the vertical deflector platec35 of the display tube 34. The circuit continues to the terminal or junction I I5 through the illustrated grounds and the conductor 33;

The short-circuiting of the connecter 61 b'ythe contactmember 66 orrl 8 similarly establishes a circuitfor'similarly charging a similarly grounded charging condenser 84'= through a resistor ltland a battery H4; and similarly discharging the condenser 84 through a similar gas'tube-t l connected in parallel thereto when the-charging voltage exceeds the-breakdowrr voltage of the tube '64. The

"connections maybe traced from one side of the its extreme full-lineor dotted-line position, pro-- vides a horizontal-sweep voltage that isusupplied simultaneously to boththe horizontal-deflector plates 23 and 25"-of the member ID and the horizontal-deflector plates 39 and 4I' of the oscilloscope 34'. l

The connections to the member I0 may be traced from the common terminal or junction I36 of the parallel-connected condenser 84 and gas tube 64' by way'of conductors SEJ 'andZ'I, to

the deflector plate 25; and 'from the deflector plate 23; by'way'of the illustrated grounds and the conductor 29, to the common terminal or junction I34; The connections tothe oscilloscope 34' may be traced from the common terminal or junction I36, by Way of conductors Bil. and I43, to the contact members 85 or 89 of a relay I42'provided with a-bridgingswitch contact memberS'I; When the contact memberB'I bridges theicontact members 88, as illustrated, the circuit continues through a biasing battery I35, cor responding to the biasing batteries 90 and I55, and, by way ofa conductor 93, to the horizontal deflector plate 4I-of the/oscilloscope 34. The circuit is completed from the horizontal deflector plate 33 to the. common'terminal or junction I34 through the illustrated grounds and the conductor-ZQ;

The time constants of the condenser 84- and of the resistor 14-, and the breakdown voltage of the gas tube 64; are so adjusted that'there shall be a large number of charges and discharges of the condenser 84 durin the period corresponding to a single charging of the condenser 82 through the resistor'ITandfits discharge through the tube 62. A large number. of horizontal sweep voltages is thus produced between the horizontal deflector: plates I9 and'2 l of the membe ID, corresponding to each vertical sweep voltage from the condenser 82 that is applied to the vertical deflector plates'zt and 25 of the member I0. The

onthe screen 320i the tube 34 Whenthe array 12 I' isscannedinthefull-line position of theimernher I ll, much as described in connection with the system illustrated in .Fig. 2; and the image ififl, shown in Fig; 3, is similarly produced when the array T is scanned in the dotted-line position'of the member I0.

A sine-wave oscillator generator 92 energizes the field-magnet winding of the motor 9'! by way of conductors 98. By Way'of conductors I93, the oscillator 92 also energizes the field-magnet winding of a motor 95, for rotating afilterio'r polarizer disc 99, oppositely disposed halves of which are: providedwith difierently colored. filters or different polarizing devices; The oscillator 92 also" energizes a common relay coil 88::for therelays I32 and'I42, by wayof. conductors 94.

When; therefore, the motor" 91 actuatesf. the member I0 to itsextreme fu1l+line position,v in response to, say, the: positive half-cycle oscillation of the sine wave from the sine-wave oscillator92, the motort95 'will similarly actuate the corresponding color filter or polarizer in front of the screen 32', and the relay 88" will be energized so that contactors 83 and 8! shall connect respectively with their upperrelay terminalsBG and 89. Since, as previously described, the biasingzbatteries 9B and- I05are then in circuit with the respective output circuits from the verticalsweep-generator condenser 82 and the horizontal sweep-generator condensers, the first horizontal sweep will start at apredetermined vertical level on the screen 32 of the tube 34, and at a predetermined horizontal. position onthe screen 32. The image 3Il will thus be produced on a predetermined portion of the screen 32.

Duringrthe'negativehalf cycle part of thesinewave voltage'from the oscillator 92, the motor! will have actuated the pin. IIIB toits lowermost position, so as to actuateithe member ID to its extreme dotted-line. position. At this instant, thBmQtOr'BSLWilI have actuated the other color filter or polarizer of the disc 99 in front of the screen 32. At this time, too, the voltage across the relay coil '88. will be of opposite polarity, with the result that the contactors 81 and 83 will eliminate thelrespective-biasingbatteries I05 and illlzfrom the sweep-circuit connection to the tube 34. The likeness Iill of the object that will be prodncedzon: the screen 32: at theatime when the member Ill occupies its dotted line position, therefore, will beldisplaced slightly vertically and horizontally from the position of the image '30, produced when the member I0 occupies its full line. position.

The amount of displacement of the two images 30 andiifi thus successively produced upon the screen 32 may be controlled by suitably adjusting the: voltage of the direct-current biasing batteries I05 and 90. The adjustmentshould be consistent with the displacement normally obtained with the. display of tures on oneasheet.

In order that the successive portions of the two stereoscopic picsuccessive. images, corresponding to the images received by adjacently disposed cones of light impinging on the human eyes, may appear as continuous,,the frequency of: the oscillationsof the oscillator 92 may be sixteen per second or more.

Th same result as that attained with the aid of-the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 3 may be obtained also without oscillating the member). In the system of Fig. 4, for example, two adjacently disposed electromagnetic lenses 5 and 5' may be employed to focus upon adjacently disposed regions-corresponding adjacently disposed a battery circuit by the energization of the relay coil I1 and the operation of gravity upon the contactor 45. The image or likeness 66 on the upper portion of the screen 32 of the cathode-ray tube V radio-wave distributions scattered or reflected from th object 8 upon two mosaics 1 and 1 of radio-receiving elements, shown mounted on the same face of the cathode-ray tube-like member 7 I6. These should correspond substantially to the cones of rays of light that the two human eyes would 'subtend when viewing the object if the object were visible. The electromagnetic lenses 5 and 5' are shown mounted on a member I61, preferably of shielding material, such as metal. to prevent the adjacently disposed radio-wave images respectively formed by the lenses 5 and 5 r from interfering with each other, and to confine each radio-wave image to its particular mosaic. The same types of pulse-generating and sweep circuits discussed in connection with the system 'of Fig. 2 may be used also in the system of Fig. 4. "The electron stream of the member I6 is therefore caused to scan first the array 1 and then i the array 1, in response to the application and removal of the positioning voltage of the biasing I55 when connected into and out of 34 will therefore correspond to the scanning of the radio-wave image on the array 1 of the member I 6, and the image or likeness 36 produced on the lower portion of the screen 32 will correspond to the radio-wave image scanned on the array 1' of the member I6. The alternate scanning of the upper and lower arrays 1 and 1' of the member I6 is thus effected in synchronism with the displays on the upper and lower portions of the screen 32 of the display cathode-ray tube 34.

An observer viewing the filters 56 and 58, simi- -lar to those illustrated in Fig. 2, will thus see with his respective eyes the respective images 66 and 30 corresponding to the radio-wave images focused by the lenses 5 and 5'. Since these, as previously explained, correspond to adjacent views of the object, the observer will obtain a continuous stereoscopic view of the object. Not only may the object 8 be stationary, but, if the frequency of the vertical sweep generator is high enough, it may also be movable; for the alternate scans of the radio-wave images on the arrays 1 and 1 will then occur rapidly enough known in the radio-location art.

The pulse generator I is shown in Fig. 5 com- :prising a conventional multivibrator type of square-wave generatorhaving two sections of a double triode I6I and I63, provided with respective cathodes I65 and I61, respective control grids I69 and HI, and respective anodes or plates I13 and I15. The plate I15 of the triode section I63 is resistance capacitance coupled bejtween the grid I69 and the cathode I65 of the triode section I6I.

The coupling capacitor is shown at I54. The plate I13 of the triode section ,I6I is similarly resistance-capacitance coupled between the control electrode Ill and the oathode I61 of the triode section I63. When one section of the tube, say, the section I63, is conducting, therefore, the negative voltage at its plate -I15 is coupled to the control electrode I69 of the othersection I6I.

The section I6I is thus maintained out 01f until no further change takes place through the section I63. The coupling condenser I54 between the plate I15 and the grid I69 then charges positively to permit the section I6I to conduct. The voltage of the plate I 13 of the section I6I thereupon drops to cut off the section I63 through the capacitance-resistance coupling thereto. Similar considerations apply when the section I6I of the tube is conducting.

A square-wave output, illustrated in Fig. 6, is thus obtained, having periods of positive and negative pulses, depending upon the setting of the respective capacitance-resistance coupling circuits.

This square-wave output of Fig. 6 is fed between the control electrode II 1 and the oathode I I9 of the vacuum tube I2I of the horizontalsweep generator 6. The cathode H9 is shown positively biased, so as normally to cut off the tube I2I. A horizontal-sweep discharge condenser I23 is charged from a B battery, not shown, through a plateload charging resistor I25. The positive pulses from the pulse generator I will reconnect the tube I2I into circuit, discharging the sweep condenser I23 through the tube I2I, as represented at I22 in Fig. '7. Upon the positive pulse of the generator I swinging negative, the tube I2I becomes cut off again, and the condenser I23 recharges through the plate-load resistor I25, producing the charging sweep voltage represented at I24 in Fig. '1. The resulting sawtooth sweep voltage represented at I 22 and I24 becomes impressed upon the output conductors 86 and 29, for application, as before described, to the horizontal-deflector plates 23 and 25 of the member In and 36 and M of the oscilloscope 34, thereby to cause the electron streams periodically to scan horizontally and then rapidly to fly-back.

The output voltage of the pulse generator I also triggers the count-down circuit II, shown comprising the normally non-conducting doublediode step-charger I62, comprising an anode I64 and a cathode I66, and an anode III and a cathode I66. The positive pulse of the output voltage of the pulse generator I renders the anode I64 positive with respect to the cathode I66. The double-diode I62 thereupon becomes conducting in one direction to charge a condenser I68 to a particular voltage level, or step, represented at 263, in Fig. 8. When the negative pulse from the pulse generator I occurs, the double-diode I62 ceases to conduct between the cathode I66 and the anode I64. The condenser I68 remains charged, however, because this negative pulse is by-passed between the cathode I66 and the anode III to the ground 33. The next positive pulse from thepulse generator I will charge the condenser I68 a further increment, as represented by the further step 266; and subsequent pulses will similarly charge the condenser I68 by further similar voltage increments.

The output of the condenser I66 is fed between the control electrode H3 and the cathode II6 of a vacuum tube N8 of the vertical-sweep generator I3. The cathode lit is shown positively biased, so as normally to cut off the tube II8. A vertical-sweep discharge condenser I26 is charged from a B-battery, not shown, through a plate-load charging resistor I29. Only when the voltage accumulated by several pulses from the pulse generator I upon the condenser I68 has risen to a value represented at 268, Fig. 8, sufficient to overcome the bias of the cathode I66, therefore, will the vertical-sweep generator I3 -conduct. 1S sconducting, :it -'will -;discharge nthe cverticalesweepsgerrerator.condenser Rik-as repre- :sente'd atrl12irin Fig. 10. ifhecondenser I20 will then proceed toi're'c'harge through the-plate load iI-:29,..:as representedatii30yin Fig. 10, until suiificient pulsesii'romthe pulse generator I shall shave again :chargedzthe =condenserlfi8 to asuf- :Tfici'ent voltage .to .cause thelsweep-generator tube IiIfi .to conduct again, .an'di'thus again to dislcharge the sweep .condenser I20. The 1 doublerliodezstep charger 1162 'of the count-down circcuit 'I'I thus acts as :a .divis'ion -or count-down rcircuit, triggering the :tube II-B :offthe verticalsweep generator it only once corresponding to severy so manyoutputs of the pulse generator I and therefore corresponding once to every .so

imany horizontal sweeps I24 .03? the horizontal- .isweep generator 1'0, :depending upon the setting m" the bias :on-Llthe *zcathcde --I It :;of thewerticalzsweep' tube Hi3.

:The :time constants :oi the horizontal-sweep rcondenseri23and its charging resistor I25 dettermine' the slope: of the sweep. I 24 shown :in Fig. :7, and the timeconstants ofthe vertical-sweep termine the slope of the vertical sweepJSilshown in Fig. 10, according to well-known television techniques.

The-output of the vertical-sweep generator, as represented in Fig. 10, isfed by conductors T -.and 33 between the vertical-deflection plates I9 -and2l of the member I0 and the vertical-deflecation plates 155 and 37 of the oscilloscope '34, as

--rbeioredescribed, to cause the horizontal sweeps .of the-electron streams to appear at successively ilower levels on the array 1 and'the screen 32 of the respective members I0 -and 3-4.

The-count-dcwn:.ci1'cuit'2|I may be identical with the count-down circuit II. It is shown provided with a step-charging double-diode which may also be triggered by thepulse genqcrator'l, thus. to count down the triggering pulses FSYIlChlOllOllSlf] with the count-down circuit. II. The output of the count-downcircuit 2| I is there- -foreshown fed, as before stated, by theconductom 55 to the-multivibrator I5. This multivibrator r'is'illustrated as a-double-triode having {sections 25 and IE8, provided respectively with cathodes Island I593, control electrodes I35 and :I3?,andplates--or anodes I39-and-l4l. the plate-load resistors is shown at I43. The "control electrode I'3'I-is shown positively biased to permit the section I28 normally to conduct. .-Sinee-th cathodes I-3I and I33 are shown con- ;nected together, the cathode ISIbecomes biased "to a'value that is adjusted by the value of'the -cathode load to correspondto-the biason the cathode i It of the vertical-sweep tube I I8, represented at 2H! in Fig.9. The cathode 'I3I could, of course, be biased in any other well 'known -,-manner.

When the positive "voltage 'upon the countdown condenser-260 of the count-down circuit '2 charges to the bias value represented at 2I0 in Fig. 9, the'section I26 of the multivibrator I5 bursts into conduction, its plate I39 dropping in voltage, thereby dropping the voltage of the grid I31 of the section i28, by way of the condenserresistance-coupling circuit shown connected thereto, and cutting off the section I28. At this time, the voltage at the anode or plate I4I of the section I28 will rise, as shown at 20I in Fig. 111. While the section I26 is conducting, the step- :charging .condenser .1268 of .thezcountedown .cir- :cuit. 2 I Izcannotzcharge, as is indicated/at 2 I 2 .in

One of ;Fig.'=9. The section-I20 will remaincutnoif until section I28jto'startto conduct. .The-voltag-e'rat the cathode. I153 will then rise, increasing "the ryoltage on the cathode I3! once :moretolbiasiofi the section I26.

' .the'plate I4I of *the section I28.

A positive .andinegative output thus .resultsflat output is representedatllifi, in Fig. 11, having a period '1 approximately equal to the periodotthe vertical ,sweepillustrated in Fig. 10. The relay coil I?! becomes thus energized with a positive voltage for holding the switch member of the contactor in contact with the upper contact terminals 4'! .and 49 during one vertical'scan I30, as represented in Fig. 10. 'During -the next successive vertical scan, and the corresponding vertical sweep, since the output voltage of the section I28v has-become negative, gravity will actuate .the switch member of the contactor-45down-into contact with the lower contact terminals-5l-and 53. The biasing battery --I will thereforeibe connected into and out of circuit during alternate vertical scans, as previously described.

According to the modification illustrated inf-Fig. 12,. instead of .a singlemember 10, provided with two mosaics 1 and I, as illustrated in Fig. 4, two

identical separate members I0 and I0 may "be employed, respectively provided'with electromagnetic mirrors .or lenses a 5 :and .5".for focusingadjacently disposed images of the :object '8 upon adjacently disposed regions at which arelocated therespective arrays or mosaics 1 and If, and connected-in parallel to the sweep circuits r9-and I3. The circuits and their operation are identical with-those of Fig.4, with a few exceptions. 'According to this modification, the-output of the elements of the mosaic I is notfed directly, by

way of the leadconductor- I48, and theoutput'of the elements-of the member? is notfed directly, :by way of'the lead conductor I50, across the load impedance fil-il in the input electric'circuitof'the amplifier "42. The output lead I 48 from the array I is fed, instead, to a contact member I 53', and the output lead I50 from the array I is 'fed simi larly to a contact member I49. 'A contactor I45, "the switch member of which operatesin syn- -chrorusm with the switch member ofthe contactor t5 under the control of the relay coil I46, alter- "nately-connectsfirst, the output. of the array '1, by way of the conductor I50, through the contact member I49 and a contact member I41, .and then the output of the array 1, by way of the conductor 7 I40 and the terminal I53 and a contact member from the scan of'thearray *I,v and then from :the

scan "of the array .I', 'will successively be trans- ,mitted to the amplifier 42, to :be reproduced :on

:thezsuccessive: corresponding upperiaznd lowen'm The positive i7 'gions of the screen 32 of the display cathode-ray tube 34,

Further-modifications will occur to those skilled in the art, and all such are considered to be within the spirit and the scope of the invention, as defined in the appended claims.

What is claimed is:

1. An electric system having, in combination, means for receiving from an object adjacently disposed radio-wave distributions of Wavelength of the order of millimeters and above, and means for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses corresponding'to the radio-wave energy of the radio-wave-distributions received by the radioreceiving means.

2. An electric system having, in combination, means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a pair of adjacently disposed regions, anten-w na means for receiving the radio waves focused upon the said regions, and means controlled in accordance with the radio waves received by the antenna means for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

3. An electric system having, in combination, means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a pair of adjacentlydisposed regions, radio-. receiving means comprising crystal detector means for receiving and rectifying the radio waves focused upon the said regions, and means controlled in accordance with the rectified radio waves for producing a pair of stereoscopic likenesses of the object.

4. An electric system having, in combination, means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a pair of adjacently disposed regions, a plurality of radio-receiving elements for receiving the radio waves focused upon the said regions, each element comprising means the resistance of which varies in accordance with the intensity of the radio waves received thereby, means for indicating the resistance variations of the elements, and means controlled in accordance with the said resistance variations for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

5. An electric system having, in combination, means for transmitting radio waves toward an object, means for focusing the transmitted radio Waves after reflection 0r scattering from the object upon a pair of adjacently disposed regions, means for receiving the radio waves focused upon the said regions, and means controlled in accordance with the radio waves received by the receiving means for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

6. An electric system having, in combination, means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a pair of adjacently disposed regions, a plurality of antenna elements for receiving the radio waves focused upon the said regions, and means controlled in accordance with the radio waves received by the antenna elements for producing a pair of stereoscopic likenesses of the object.

7. An electric system having, in combination, means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a pair of adjacently disposed regions, means for receiving and scanning the radio waves focused upon the said regions, and means controlled in accordance with the scanned radio waves for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

8. An electric system having, in combination, means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a pair of adjacently disposed regions, means for receiving the radio waves focused upon the Said regions, means for scanning the receiving 18 means to effect the scanning of the received radio waves, and means controlled in accordance with the scanned radio waves for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

9. An electric system having, in combination, means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a pair of adjacently disposed regions, an array of antenna elements for receiving the radio waves focused upon the said regions, means for scanning the elements to effect the scanning of the received radio waves, and means controlled in accordance with the scanned radio waves for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

10. An electric system having, in combination, means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a pair of adjacently disposed regions, a plurality of radio-receiving elements comprising crystal-detector means for receiving and rectifye ing the radio waves focuted upon the said regions, means for scanning the elements to effect the scanning of the received radio waves, and means controlled in accordance with the scanned radio waves for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

11. An electric system having, in combination, means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a pair of adjacently disposed regions, a plurality of radio-receiving elements comprising crystal-detector means for receiving and rectifying the radio waves focused upon the said regions, means comprising an electron stream for scan-v ning the elements to effect the scanning of the received radio waves, and means controlled in accordance with the scanned radio waves for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object. I

12. An electric system having, in combination, means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a pair of adjacently disposed regions, a two-dimensional array of elements for receiving the radio waves focused upon the said regions, means for scanning the elements in two-dimensional order to effect the two-dimensional scan-, ning of the received radio waves, and means controlled in accordance with the scanned radio waves for producing a stereoscopic pair of like-. nesses of the object.

13. An electric-system having, in combination, means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a pair of adj acently disposed regions, a plurality of antenna elements arranged in rows and columns for receiving the radio waves focused upon the said regions, means for scanning the Y elements along the rows and columns to effect the scanning of the radio Waves received along the rows and columns, and means controlled in accordance with the scanned radio waves for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

14. An electric system having, in combination, means for receiving from an object adjacently disposed radio-wave distributions of Wavelength of the order of millimeters and above, cathoderay-tube means having screen means and electron-stream-producing means for impinging electrons on the screen means, and means controlled in accordance with the radio Waves received by the receiving means for controlling the electron-stream-producing means to produce a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object. on the screen means.

15. An electric system having, in combination, means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a pair of adjacently disposed regions, an-

tenna means for receiving the radio waves focused upon the said-regions, cathOde-ray-tdbe means having screen means and electron-sLream-producing means for impinging electrons on the screen means, and means controlled in accordance with the radio waves received by the antenna means for controlling the electron-stream-producing means to produce a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object on the screen means.

16. An electric system having, in combination, means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a'pair of adjacently disposed regions, antenna means for receiving the radio waves focused upon the said regions, means for scanning the antenna means to effect the scanning of the received radiowaves, cathode-ray-tube means having screen means and electron-stream-producing-and-deflecting means for scanning the screen means, means for synchronizing the scanning operation of the electron stream with the scanning of the antenna means, and means controlled in accordance with the scanned radio waves for controlling the intensity of the electrons of the electron-stream-producing-and-defleeting means to produce a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object on the screen means.

17. An electric system having, in combination, means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a pair of adjacently disposed regions, a plurality of antenna elements for receiving the radio waves focused upon the said regions, means for scanning the antenna elements to effect the scannin of the received radio waves, cathoderay-tube means having screen means and electron-stream-producing-and-deflecting means for scanning the screen means, means for synchronizing the scanning operation of the electron stream with the scanning of the antenna elements, and means controlled in accordance with the scanned radio waves for controlling the intensity of the electrons of the electron-streamproducing-and-deflecting means to produce a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object on the screen means.

18. An electric system having, in combination, means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a pair'of adjacently disposed regions, antenna means for receiving the radio waves focused upon the said regions, a load circuit, means for scanning the antenna means to effect the scanning of the received radio waves, means controlled in accordance with the scanning of the antenna means for energizing the load circuit, cathode-ray-tube means having screen means and electron-stream-producing-and-defiecting means for scanning the screen means, and means connected with the load circuit and controlled in accordance with the scanned radio waves for controlling the intensity of the electrons of the electron-stream-producing-and-deflecting means to produce a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object on the screen means.

19. An electric system having, in combination, means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a pair of adjacently disposed regions, cathode-ray-tube means having radio-receiving means for receiving the radio waves focused upon the said regions and electron-stream-producing-and-deflecting means for scanning the radioreceiving means to effect the scanning of the received radio waves, and means controlled in accordance with the scanned radio waves for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

20. An electric system having, in combination,

20 means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a pair of adjacently disposed regions, a plurality of radio-receiving elements for receiving the radio waves focused upon the said regions, electron-stream-producing means for impinging electrons on the radio-receiving elements to produce electrical responses at the respective radioreceiving elements corresponding to the intensity of the radio waves received by the respective elements, and means controlledin accordance with the electrical responses for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

21. An electric system having, in combination, means for focusing radio waves upon a pair of adjacently disposed regions, and cathode-ray-tube means having radio-receiving means for receivin the radio waves focused upon the said regions. and electron stream producing-and-defiecting means for scanning the radio-receiving means.

22. An electric system having, in combination, means for focusing radio waves upon a pair of adjacently disposed regions, cathode-ray-tube means having uranium-oxide radio-receiving means for receiving the radio waves focused upon the said regions, and electron-stream-producingand-deflecting 'means for scanning the radioreceivin means.

23. An electric system having, in combination, means for focusing radio waves upon a pair of adjacently disposed regions, cathode-ray-tube means having silicon radio-receiving means for receiving the radio Waves focused upon the said regions, and electron-stream-producing-anddeflecting means for scanning the radio-receiving means.

24. .An electric system having, in combination, means for focusing radio waves upon a pair of adjacently disposed regions, cathode-ray-tube means having germanium radio-receiving means for receiving the radio waves focused upon the said regions, and electron-stream producing-anddeflecting means for scanning the radio-receiving means;

25. An electric system having, in combination, means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a pair of adjacently' disposed regions, cathode-ray-tube means having radio-receiving elements for receiving the radio waves focused upon the said regions and electron-stream producingand-deflecting means for scanning the radioreceiving means to effect the scanning of the received radio waves, presentation cathode-raytube-means having screen means and electronstream-producing-and-deflecting means for scanning thescreen means, means for synchronizing the scanning, operation of the electron streams of the two said cathode-ray-tube means, and means controlled in accordance with the scanned radio waves for controlling the intensity of the electrons of the presentation cathode-ray-tube.

electron-stream-producing-and-defiecting means to produce on'the screen means a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

' 26. An electric system having, in combination,

:- means for transmitting radio waves toward an object, means for focusing the transmitted radio waves after reflection or scattering from the object upon a'pair of adjacently disposed region's, cathode-ray-tube means having radio-receiving elements for receiving the radio waves focused at the said regions and electron-streameproducing-and-deflecting means for scanning the radio receiving means to effect the scanning ofthe -received radio waves, and means control-led accordance with the scanned radio waves for 21 producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

27. An electric system having, in combination, means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a pair of adjacently disposed regions, means comprising a plurality of radio-receiving-andrectifying elements for receiving and rectifying the radio waves focused upon the said regions, electron-stream-producing-and-deflecting means for scanning the elements thereby to effect the scanning of the received radio waves, an electric circuit connected to the elements for receiving from the elements the energy of the scanned radio waves received and rectified thereby, cathode-ray-tube means having screen means and electron-stream-producing-and-deflecting means for scanning the screen means, means for synchronizing the scanning operation of the electron streams, and means controlled in accordance with the energy received in the said electric circuit .for controlling the cathode-ray-tubemeans electron-stream-producing-and-deflecting means to produce a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object upon the screen means.

28. An electric system having, in combination, means for transmitting radio waves toward an object, means for focusing the transmitted radio waves after reflection or scattering from the object, means for vibrating the focusing means between two limits of vibratory movement to focus the radio waves, at the said limits, upon a pair of adjacently disposed regions, radio-wave receiving means for receiving the radio waves focused upon the said regions, and means controlled in accordance with the received radio waves for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

29. An electric system having, in combination, a cathode-ray tube comprising radio-receiving means and electron-stream-producing-and-defleeting means for scanning the radio-receiving means to effect the scanning of the received radio waves, means for focusing radio waves from an object upon the radio-receiving means, means for simultaneously moving the focusing means and the cathode-ray tube between two adjacently disposed regions in order that the radio-receiving means shall receive and the electron-streamproducing-and-deflecting means shall effect the scanning of the radio waves focused upon the said regions, and means controlledin accordance with the scanned radio waves for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

30. An electric system having, in combination, a cathode-ray tube comprising radio-receiving means and electronstream-producing-and-deflecting means for scanning the radio-receiving means to effect the scanning of the received radio waves, means for focusing radio waves from an object upon the radio-receiving means, and means for simultaneously moving the focusing means and the cathode-ray tube between two adjacently disposed regions in order that the radioreceiving means shall receive and the electronstream-producing-and-deflecting means shall effect the scanning of the radio waves focused upon the said regions.

31. An electric system having, in combination, a pair of adjacently disposed means for receiving adj acently disposed radio-wave distributions from an object, and means for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses corresponding to the radio-wave energy of the radio-wave distributions received by the pair of radio-receiving means.

32. An electric system having, in combination, a pair of means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a corresponding pair of adjacently disposed regions, antenna means for receiving the radio waves focused upon the said regions, and means controlled in accordance with the radio waves received by the antenna means for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

33. An electric system having, in combination, a pair of adjacently disposed means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a corresponding pair of adjacently disposed regions, means for receiving and scanning the, radio waves focused upon the said regions, and means controlled in accordance with the scanned radio waves for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

34. An electric system having, in combination, a pair of adjacently disposed means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a corresponding pair of adjacently disposed regions, means for receiving the radio waves focused at the said regions, means for scanning the receiving means, and means controlled in accordance with the scanning of the receiving means for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

35. An electric system having, in combination, a pair of adjacently disposed means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a corresponding pair of adjacently disposed regions, means for preventing interference between the radio waves focused'at the said adjacently disposed regions, means for receiving the focused radio waves at the said adjacently disposed regions, and means controlled in accordance with the radio waves received at the said adjacently disposed regions for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

36. An electric system having, in combination, a pair of means for focusing radio waves upon a corresponding pair of adjacently disposed regions, cathode-ray-tube means having radio-receiving means for receiving the radio waves focused upon the said regions, and electron-stream-producingand-deflecting means for scanning the radioreceiving means.

37. An electric system having, in combination, a pair of means for focusing radio waves upon a corresponding pair of adjacently disposed regions, cathode-ray-tube means having two sets of radioreceiving means, one set for receiving the radio waves focused upon each of the said regions and electron-stream-producing-and-defiecting means for scanning the radio-receiving means, and means for preventing interference between the radio waves focused upon the said regions.

38. An electric system having, in combination, a pair of means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a corresponding pair of adjacently disposed regions, and a pair of cathode-ray tubes each having radio-receiving means for respectively receiving the radio waves focused upon each of the said regions and electron-stream-producing-and-defiecting means for scanning the radioreceiving means.

39. An electric system having, in combination, a pair of means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a corresponding pair of adjacently disposed regions, cathode-ray-tube means having two sets of radio-receiving means, one set for receiving the radio waves focused upon each of the said regions, and electron-stream-producingand-deflecting means for scanning the radioreceiving means to effect the scanning of the' received radio waves, means for preventing interference between the radio waves focused upon the gangs-r2 23 said regions, and means controlled in accordance with the scanned radio waves for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

40.. An electric system having, in combination, a pair of means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a corresponding pair of adiacently disposed regions, a pair of cathode-ray-tubeseach having radio-receiving means for respectively receiving the radio waves focused upon each of the said regions and electron-stream-producing and-deflecting means for scanning the radioreceiving means to effect the scanning of the received radio waves, and means controlled in accordance with the scanned radio waves for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

41. An electric system having, in combination, means for focusing radio waves from an object upon a pair of adjacently disposed regions, cathode-ray-tube means having mosaic means comprisingradio-receiving antenna elements for receiving the radio waves focused upon the said regions and electron-stream-producing-and-deflecting means for scanning the mosaic means, presentation cathode-ray-tube means having fluorescent viewing-screen means and electronstream producing means for impinging electrons on the screen means, means for causing the electrons impinging on the screen means to scan the screen meansv in synchronism with the scanning of the mosaic means, and means responsive to the received waves for modulating the intensity of the-electrons impinging on the screen means of the presentation cathode-ray-tube means to produce on the screen means a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

42. An electric system having, in combination, means. for focusing radio waves from an object upon a pair of ad'jacently disposed regions, a plurality of radio-receiving elements for receiving the radio waves focused upon the saidregions, cathode-ray-tube means having scree'nmeans and electron-stream-producing means for impinging electrons on the screen means, and means connected to the elements for controllingthe electrons impinging on the screenmeans to produce a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object on the screen means.

43. An electric system having, in combination, a radio-wave generator, means for transmitting the generated radio waves toward an object, means for focusing the transmitted radio waves after reflection or scattering from the object upon a pair of adjacently disposed regions, means for receiving the radio waves focused upon the said regions, and means connected with the receiving means for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

nected to the mosaic means and controlled in accordance with' the scanning means for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

45. An electric system having, in combination, means for focusingv electromagnetic Waves;

. 24 from an" object, cathode-ray-tube means l'iavingi electromagnetic-wave-responsive mosaic means and electron-stream-scanning means for scanning the mosaic means, means for shunting the focusing means back and forth between two ere treme positions to produce displaced electro magnetic-wave images of the object uponthe mosaic means at the extreme positions, means for causing the electron-stream scanning means to effect a scan of the images focused upon the 46. An electric system having, in combination, f

a plurality of antenna radio-wave receiving elements, means for focusing adjacently disposed radio-wave images of an object on the antenna elements, means for causing the antenna ele-- ments to scan the radio waves of the focused radio-wave images, cathode-ray-tube means having screen means and electron-stream-scanning means for scanning the screen means, and means connected with the antenna elements and responsive to the scanned radio waves for controlling the electron-stream-producing means to produce a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object on the screen means.

4'7. An electric system having, in combination, means comprising a plurality of antenna radiowave receiving elements and electron-streamproducing means for impinging electrons on the elements, means for focusing adjacently dis'-' posed stereoscopic radio-Wave distributions on the radio-wave receiving elements, means for causing the electrons impinging on the elements to scan the elements thereby to scan the adjacently disposed radio-wave distributions, oath od'e-ray-tube means having fluorescent-screen means and electron-stream-producing means for impinging electrons on the screen means, means for causing the electrons produced in the oathode-ray-tube means to scan the screen means in synchronism with the scanning of the radiowave receiving elements, and means responsive. to the radio Waves received by the scanned ele-, ments for modifying the intensity of the electrons scanning the cathode-ray-tube-means screen means, thereby to produce adjacently disposed visual reproductions of the adjacent radio-wave distributionson the screenmeans.

48. An electric system-having, in combination,-

a plurality of normally ineffective antenna radio receiving elements, means for producing adjacently disposed radio-wave images'of an object upon the radio-receiving elements, e1ectron-stream-;

producing means for impinging electrons on the elements, means for causing the electrons to scan the elements to render the elements successively effective thereby to scan successive portions of ,the adjaoently disposed radio-wave images, cathoderay-tube means having screen means and electron-stream-producing means for impinging electrons on the screen means, means for causing the electrons produced by the last-named electron-stream producingl'means toscan the screens in synchronism with the scannin of the elements, means responsive to the radio Waves received by the successively efiective elements for producing successive portions of likenesses of the object on the screen means corresponding to the successive scanned portions of the adjacently disposed radio-w-ave images of the object, means for separating the likenesses corresponding to the radio-wave images at each of the said adjacently disposed regions, and means through which the likenesses may be viewed as a unit to produce a stereoscopic view of the object.

49. An electric system having, in combination, a plurality ofnormally ineffective antenna radioreceiving elements means for focusing adjacently disposed radio-wave images of an object upon the radio-receiving elements, electronstream-producing means for impinging electrons on the elements, means for causing the electrons to scan the elements thereby to render the elements successively effective, an electric circuit connected to the elements and responsive to the intensity of the radio-wave energy received by the elements as they are rendered successively effective, oathode-ray-tube means provided with screen means and electron-stream-producing means for impinging, electrons on the screen means, means for causing the last-named electrons to scan successive portions of thescreen means in synchronism with the rendering ef-' fective of the successive elements, means connected to the said electric circuit for modulating the intensity of the electrons'scanning the screen means in accordance with the intensity of the radio waves received by the successively ceived by the successively efiective elements for producing upon the display means likenesses corresponding to the adjacently disposed radio-wave distributions, thereby to provide a stereoscopicpair of likenesses of the object.

51. An electric system having, in combination, a plurality of normally ineffective antenna radioreceiving elements for receiving adjacently disposed stereoscopic radio-wave images of an ob-' ject, means for scanning the elements to render the elements successively efiective, display means, and means controlled by the successively effective elements and responsive to the radio waves received thereby for producing upon the display means a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object.

52. An electric system having, in combination,

means for causing the electrons produced'bythe electron-stream-producing means to scan the elements thereby to render the elements successively effective, cathode-ray-tube means having screen means and electron-stream-producing means for impinging electrons on the screen means, means for causing the electrons impinging on the screen means to scan the screen means in synchronisrn with the scanning of the elements and means connected'with thecathode-ray-tUbe means and controlled in accordance with the radio waves receivedby the successively efiective elements for producing a stereoscopic pair of likenesses of the object on the screen means.

3 ROBERT H. RINES.

REFERENCES CITED 7 The following references are of record in. the

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